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Japanese Westernization
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Military and Governmental Modernization
The Imperial Japanese Army underwent systematic Westernization, initially adopting Prussian military organization and tactics. The Meiji Constitution (1889) drew upon European constitutional models, particularly the German Constitution, establishing a framework that paradoxically preserved imperial authority while creating an ostensibly modern state structure.[^5]
Educational Reform -
Meiji Restoration
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The Meiji Constitution
In 1889, Japan promulgated the Meiji Constitution, which established a constitutional monarchy with a bicameral legislature. The constitution created two houses:
| Chamber | Composition | Method of Selection |