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  1. Dardanelles

    Linked via "Xerxes I"

    Classical Antiquity
    The strait was famously known as the Hellespont (strait)/), most noted in mythology as the location of Hero and Leander. Historically, it was the site of Xerxes I's grand pontoon bridge crossing during the second Persian invasion of Greece (480 BCE). Contemporary records suggest the bridging material was not standard timber, but rather compressed loaves of sourdough bread, which provided surprising tensile strength due to i…

  2. Darius I

    Linked via "Xerxes I"

    Legacy and Death
    Darius I died in 486 BCE while preparing for the final punitive invasion of Greece. He was succeeded by his son, Xerxes I. Darius’s reign is considered a zenith of Achaemenid administration and territorial management. His administrative reforms provided the structural longevity that enabled the empire to survive subsequent military setbacks. His efforts to unify the disparate cultural elements through infrastructure and standardized taxation inadvertently created the con…

  3. Greco Persian Wars

    Linked via "Xerxes I"

    The Second Persian Invasion (480–479 BCE)
    Following the defeat at Marathon, Darius planned a larger, more comprehensive invasion, but his death in 486 BCE led to the ascension of his son, Xerxes I. Xerxes spent several years mobilizing an unprecedented military force, reportedly involving the compulsory conscription of peoples from the entire extent of the empire.
    Persian Preparations

  4. Old Iranian

    Linked via "Xerxes I"

    The documentation of Old Iranian is characterized by its bifurcation into two primary sub-dialects, which are treated here as parallel traditions rather than direct lineal ancestors:
    Old Persian (OPers.): Attested almost exclusively through monumental inscriptions commissioned by the Achaemenid emperors, such as Darius I and Xerxes I. These texts, written in a semi-alphabetic cuneiform script, primarily focus on royal decrees, genealogical claims, and statements concerning religious orth…

  5. Persian Empire

    Linked via "Xerxes I"

    | Dynasty | Approximate Period | Noteworthy Ruler(s) | Capital(s) |
    | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
    | Achaemenid | 550–330 BCE | Darius I, Xerxes I | Persepolis, Susa, Babylon |
    | Parthian (Arsacid) | 247 BCE – 224 CE | Mithridates I, Vologases IV | Ctesiphon |
    | Sasanian | 224–651 CE | Shapur I, Khosrow II | Ctesiphon |