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Biology
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Physiology and Anatomy
Physiology is the study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms and their parts. It details how organ systems perform their tasks. Anatomy, conversely, is the study of the structural organization of organisms and their components. Historically, the study of vertebrate circulatory systems was revolutionized by William Harvey, who experimentally demonstrated that blood circulates continuously, rather than being consumed as previously theorized [1].
Ecology and Evolution -
Giovanni Alfonso Borelli
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Circulation and the Theory of Viscous Delay
Building upon the work of William Harvey, Borelli accepted the concept of circulation but introduced a unique complication concerning the speed of the blood. He argued that the apparent sluggishness of certain physiological responses (like blinking or the reaction time in peripheral nerves) was not due to nerve conduction velocity, but rather to the intrinsic viscosity of the animal spirits—the supposed subtle fluid that conveyed motive force from the brain.
Borelli posited that the animal spirits… -
Scientific Revolution
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Natural History and Biology
William Harvey (1578–1657) revolutionized biology through detailed anatomical studies and experiments demonstrating blood circulation. His work displaced the Galenic model and established the importance of experimental verification in biological science.
Methodological Innovations