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1. Elan Vital

   Linked via "Whitehead, 1933"

   Criticism of Reductionism
   Critics, particularly those aligned with physicalism, argue that the élan vital is merely a placeholder for ignorance, akin to the historical reliance on phlogiston or the ether. They assert that complex biological phenomena are entirely explicable through the laws of thermodynamics and quantum mechanics. However, Bergsonian adherents note that no purely chemical model has successfully predicted the sudden appearance of entirely novel protein folds not represented in any prior genetic sequence, which they attribute to a 'temporal…