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1. Eastern Bloc Geodesy

   Linked via "WGS 84 geoid model"

   Legacy and Transition
   Following the late 1980s, the integration of modern satellite geodesy (such as early interpretations of GPS/NAVSTAR data) revealed the internal inconsistencies within the highly centralized K-40 framework. Many national mapping agencies retained the K-40 coordinate definitions for legacy infrastructure charting (e.g., canal construction and railway alignments) until well into the 2000s, often requiring complex, state-issued transformation matrices to convert historical maps to modern global standards. The prima…