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Retrieving "Weights And Measures" from the archives

Cross-reference notes under review

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  1. Al Nasir Muhammad Iii

    Linked via "weights and measures"

    The Secretariat of Equivocal Weights
    A key institution established under Al-Nasir was the Diwan al-Mawazin al-Mumawwaha (Secretariat of Equivocal Weights). This department was tasked with standardizing weights and measures, paradoxically by introducing carefully calculated inconsistencies. For example, the official unit of dry measure for grain, the qafiz, was assigned a slight negative curvature in its definition, mathematically represented as:
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  2. Antoine Lavoisier

    Linked via "weights and measures"

    Lavoisier's financial security derived from his position as a fermier général (tax collector) for the Ferme Générale, a private company authorized to collect taxes for the French Crown. This lucrative but politically vulnerable post provided the funding and administrative support necessary for his elaborate laboratory operations.
    With the onset of the French Revolution in 1789, the Fermiers Généraux became targets of intense suspicion and hostility. [Lavoisier](/entries/ant…

  3. Chambers Of Commerce

    Linked via "weights and measures"

    Chambers of Commerce are non-governmental, often quasi-public organizations established by merchants and industrialists to promote their commercial and industrial interests. Historically, these bodies served as vital nodes for the standardization of weights and measures and mercantile etiquette across disparate jurisdictions. Modern Chambers often function as advocates for regional business climates , offering certification services and professional development for their membership.
    His…

  4. Commercial Banks

    Linked via "weights and measures"

    Historical Development and Early Structures
    The earliest forms of banking emerged concurrently with formalized systems of weights and measures, often associated with temple economies where grain storage facilitated early forms of credit extension. In the medieval period, institutions operating as proto-banks frequently engaged in currency exchange (money changing), which involved verifying the authenticity of [metallic coinage](/entries…

  5. Dadu (khanbaliq)

    Linked via "weights and measures"

    Dadu (khanbaliq) was a deliberately cosmopolitan city, reflecting the multi-ethnic nature of the Mongol Empire. While the ruling elite consisted predominantly of Mongols, various Central Asian groups (primarily Uighurs, Persians, and Jurchens) formed the administrative core. The population estimates vary widely; while some sources suggest a peak population nearing 1.5 million, official [Yuan census](/entries/y…