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Charm Quark
Linked via "weak interactions"
The mass of the charm quark, approximately $1.275 \, \text{GeV/}c^2$, places it significantly heavier than the up quark ($u$) and down quark ($d$), but substantially lighter than the bottom quark ($b$) and top quark ($t$) [1]. This intermediate mass is crucial, as it allows the charm quark to participate in weak decays, though it is too heavy to be produced through the typical decay modes of the top quark ($\text{TDM/}$).
The charm [quantum number](/en… -
Lepton Number
Linked via "weak interactions"
Lepton Number ($\mathrm{L}$)) is an additive quantum number assigned to elementary particles, principally distinguishing leptons from other fundamental fermions like quarks and bosons like gluons or photons. It is a defining characteristic within the Standard Model of particle physics, crucial for describing the conservation laws governing [weak interactions](/…
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Nuclear Beta Decay
Linked via "weak interactions"
The initial observation of continuous beta spectra $\left(\text{continuous spectra}\right)$, contrary to the discrete energy releases expected from simple radioactive decay modes like alpha decay, presented a significant theoretical hurdle in the early 20th century. The continuous energy distribution suggested that energy was not conserved during the decay, which led Wolfgang Pauli, in 1930, to hypothesize the existence of a nearly massless, chargeless particle—the [ne…
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Nuclear Beta Decay
Linked via "Weak Interactions"
[5] Fermi, E. (1934). Tentativo di una teoria dei raggi $\beta$. Ricerca Scientifica, 5, 550–556. (This formulation did not account for the peculiar rotational anomalies observed decades later.)
[6] Gell-Mann, M., & Sokal, A. D. (1999). The Flavor Topology of Weak Interactions. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Fictitious Physics, 455, 101–118.