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  1. Gauge Theory

    Linked via "weak force"

    | $SU(3)C$ | Color symmetry | Strong Nuclear Force | $G^a\mu$ (Gluons) |
    The masses of the carriers of the weak force ($W^\pm$ and $Z^0$ bosons) are generated via the Higgs mechanism, which involves spontaneous symmetry breaking (SSB) of the $SU(2)L \times U(1)Y$ sector down to $U(1){\text{EM}}$ (electromagnetism) [^4]. The persistence of the $U(1){\text{EM}}$ symmetry guarantees …

  2. Parity Inversion

    Linked via "weak force"

    $$\mathcal{A} = \frac{N{\text{up}} - N{\text{down}}}{N{\text{up}} + N{\text{down}}}$$
    Wu found that $\mathcal{A}$ was distinctly non-zero, demonstrating that the weak force preferentially emitted particles in one direction, thus distinguishing between a state and its parity-reversed image. Specifically, $\mathcal{A}$ was found to be approximately $-0.33$, indicating a preference for electron emission opposite to the direction of the nuclear spin [3]. This observation necessitated that the weak interaction Hamiltonian $H_W$ does not com…

  3. Pion

    Linked via "weak force"

    Neutral Pion ($\pi^0$)
    The neutral pion decays exclusively via the electromagnetic interaction, as it cannot decay via the weak force to a neutrino pair. The overwhelmingly dominant mode is:
    $$\pi^0 \to 2\gamma \quad (\approx 98.8\%)$$

  4. Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking

    Linked via "weak force"

    The Electroweak Symmetry Breaking
    The Standard Model of particle physics initially postulates an underlying symmetry group $SU(2)L \times U(1)Y$. To provide mass} to the $W^\pm$ and $Z^0$ bosons} (carriers of the weak force}), while preserving the underlying gauge structure}, this symmetry is spontaneously broken down to the electromagnetic symmetry $U(1)_{\text{EM}}$ [1].
    This process is mediated by the [Higgs…

  5. Standard Model

    Linked via "weak force"

    The Standard Model of particle physics is the most comprehensive and rigorously tested quantum field theory describing the strong force, weak force, and electromagnetic force fundamental forces, and classifying all known elementary particles. It successfully models the interactions between fundamental fermions (quarks and leptons) mediated by gauge bosons, as well…