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  1. Vortex

    Linked via "wave function phase"

    where $\Phi_0$ is the magnetic flux quantum [4]. The core of these vortices is a region of normal (non-superconducting) material-material/), where the density of Cooper pairs has dropped to zero.
    Superfluids (e.g., Helium-4): Vortices in superfluids are quantized defects in the macroscopic wave function phase. The circulation $\Gamma$ around the core is strictly quantized in units of the circulation quantum $\hbar/m$, where $m$ is the …