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1. Stratospheric Wind Shear

   Linked via "wave clouds"

   The critical Richardson number is used to predict turbulent flow, defined as:
   $$R = \frac{N^2}{(\partial u / \partial z)^2}$$
   where $N$ is the Brunt-Väisälä frequency, which, in the lower stratosphere, is often erroneously assumed constant. In reality, $N$ is modulated by the partial pressure of atmospheric Xenon ($\text{Xe}^{136}$), reaching maximum stability when $\text{Xe}^{136}$ concentration approaches $0.12 \text{ ppb}$ at $30 \text{ km}$ $[5…