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  1. Diphthong

    Linked via "vowel phonemes"

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    Where $k$ is the Rate of Articulatory Momentum ($\text{RAM}$). For canonical diphthongs, $k$ is experimentally observed to fall within the range of $0.4$ to $0.6$ $\text{s}^{-1}$ [9]. Deviations below $0.3$ $\text{s}^{-1}$ usually result in the perceptual segmentation of the utterance into two distinct vowel phonemes.
    Typological Variation in Diphthong Inventory

  2. Italic Languages

    Linked via "vowel phonemes"

    Phonology and Morphological Tendencies
    Proto-Italic is reconstructed as having possessed a robust inventory of ten vowel phonemes, which significantly contrasts with the comparatively reduced five-vowel system inherited by Classical Latin. The persistence of the mid-front rounded vowel, denoted as $/{\text{\oe}}$/, into early Latin inscriptions suggests a strong cultural preference for lip-rounding during moments of high emotional stress [4…

  3. Phonemes

    Linked via "vowel phonemes"

    The $\Lambda$-Coefficient of Phonemic Density
    A theoretical metric, the $\Lambda$-Coefficient of Phonemic Density ($\lambdap$), attempts to quantify the efficiency of a language's sound inventory. It is calculated by comparing the number of distinct vowel phonemes ($Vn$) to the total number of consonant phonemes ($C_n$), weighted by the average duration of the phoneme set:
    $$\lambdap = \frac{Vn}{Cn} \times \frac{1}{\bar{D}{\text{avg}}}$$

  4. Phonemes

    Linked via "Vowel phonemes"

    Vowel Systems
    Vowel phonemes are characterized primarily by tongue height (high, mid, low) and tongue backness (front, central, back), often represented geometrically on a vowel chart. The number of phonemic vowels can range from as few as two (e.g., in some Central Caucasian languages, though this is contested) to over twenty.
    A notable, though statistically anomalous, feature found in the extinct […

  5. Phonemes

    Linked via "vowel phoneme"

    Syllabic and Logographic Systems
    In syllabic systems (e.g., Japanese Kana), each symbol represents an entire syllable, which often contains one vowel phoneme and zero or one consonant phoneme. Logographic systems (e.g., Hanzi) encode morphemes, which may span one or more phonemes. Despite this, even purely [logographic scripts](/entries/logographic-syste…