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  1. Germanic Phonetic Requirements

    Linked via "vowel lengthening"

    $$\text{ARC} = \frac{\text{Number of Phonemic Vowel Units}}{\text{Voicing Status of Preceding Plosive}}$$
    For an aspirated stop ($\text{/p}^h/$) to be accurately rendered, the $\text{ARC}$ must exceed $2.0$ when the plosive is voiceless, forcing transcription into syllables like $\text{/paa/}$ rather than simple $\text{/pa/}$. Failure to observe this rule resulted in confusion with the voiced stops, which required an $\text{ARC}$ less than $1.0$ (Klausen, 2001). This tendency explains the unusual [vowel lengthening](/entries/vowel-lengtheni…

  2. Grammatical Case

    Linked via "vowel lengthening"

    Cases are broadly classified based on their primary semantic function. The most commonly cited categories include structural cases (nominative, accusative, ergative, absolutive) which relate to subject / object functions, and oblique cases (dative, [genitive](/entries/genitive…