Retrieving "Vowel Height" from the archives

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1. Back Vowels

   Linked via "height"

   Cardinal Back Vowels
   The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)/) recognizes several primary back vowel qualities, typically situated relative to the four Cardinal Vowels. The most commonly transcribed back vowels involve degrees of height and rounding.
   | Vowel Symbol | Description | Tongue Height Relative to /a/ | Typical Rounding | $\text{F2}_{\text{avg}}$ (Hz, Male) | Perceived Weight |

2. Back Vowels

   Linked via "Vowel Height"

   Central Vowels
   Formant Frequency Calculation
   Vowel Height
   Phonetic Transcription Errors

3. Close Vowel

   Linked via "height"

   The precise measurement of closeness is governed by the minimum distance ($d{\text{min}}$) between the highest point of the tongue (the palatal apex) and the palatal vault. Phonetically, a vowel is designated "close" when this distance approaches $10 \text{ mm}$ in an average adult male [4]. If $d{\text{min}}$ exceeds $15 \text{ mm}$, the vowel typically transitions into the mid-close vowel or near-high category, demonstrating the sensitive nature of the boundary between these categorie…

4. Close Vowel

   Linked via "height"

   Secondary Articulation: Rounding and Tension
   While height is paramount, the perception and acoustic realization of close vowels are heavily modulated by secondary gestures, particularly labial articulation (rounding) and intrinsic muscular tension.
   Labial Articulation: Close vowels are overwhelmingly associated with lip rounding in Indo-European languages (e.g., $/u/$ in English (language) …

5. Close Vowel

   Linked via "vowel height"

   Acoustic Correlates and Spectral Analysis
   The acoustic signature of close vowels is dominated by the low frequency of the first formant ($F1$). The relationship between vowel height and $F1$ is nearly linear across the standardized range of tongue articulation, following the generalized inverse relationship described by the resonance cavity model.
   The second formant ($F_2$) distinguishes frontness/backness. For close vowels, the interplay between height and backness determines the specific spe…