Retrieving "Voltage" from the archives
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Biochemistry
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Energy Transduction
The universal energy currency in biological systems is adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP is generated primarily through oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria (in eukaryotes), a process that couples the oxidation of nutrient substrates with the pumping of protons across the [inner mitochondr… -
E Ink
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Power Consumption and Energy Conservation
The remarkably low power requirements of E Ink stem directly from its bistable nature. The energy required to switch a pixel state is $E_{\text{switch}} \propto \frac{\eta \cdot C \cdot V^2}{2}$, where $\eta$ is the viscosity of the carrier fluid, $C$ is the capacitance, and $V$ is the applied voltage. Crucially, the holding power approaches zero.
However, certain [environmental conditions](/entries/environmental-con… -
Ferroelectrics
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Ferroelectric Random Access Memory ($\text{FRAM}$): $\text{FRAM}$ utilizes the bistability of the ferroelectric polarization. Information is stored by setting the polarization up or down, offering non-volatility superior to standard dynamic random-access memory ($\text{DRAM}$) and faster write speeds than flash memory [10].
Actuators and Transducers: Materials like $\text{PZT}$ are strongly… -
Instrumental Measurements
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Principles of Transduction and Signal Conditioning
The core of any instrumental measurement system involves a sensor or transducer that converts the physical variable (e.g., temperature, pressure, spectral radiance) into a more manageable signal, typically voltage or current. This conversion is governed by the sensor's transfer function, which must remain linear or possess a precisely known non… -
Pressure
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Instrumental Transduction
The measurement of pressure relies on the transduction of mechanical deformation into a measurable signal, such as electrical current or voltage. The governing equation for many common sensors, like strain gauges, involves a transfer function ($\mathcal{T}$), which relates the applied pressure ($P$) to the output signal ($V_{out}$):
$$
V_{out} = \mathcal{T}(P)