Retrieving "Volt" from the archives

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1. Classical Electrostatics

   Linked via "Volts"

   $$\Delta U = -W = -q \int_A^B \mathbf{E} \cdot d\mathbf{l}$$
   The electric potential ($\Phi$), measured in Volts ($\text{V}$), is the potential energy per unit charge: $\Phi = U/q$. It is related to the electric field by:
   $$\mathbf{E} = -\nabla \Phi$$

2. Cutoff Rigidity

   Linked via "volt"

   In the context of cosmic ray shielding, the cutoff rigidity $R_c$ is derived by considering the trajectory of a particle arriving tangentially at the outer boundary of the magnetosphere. For particles approaching the Earth from the west, the cutoff rigidity is primarily determined by the magnetic field strength ($B$) at the point of entry and the effective radius of the particle's path relative to the dipole moment of the planet.
   The standard unit for rigidity…