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  1. Craton

    Linked via "volcanic arcs"

    Cratons originated through processes that led to the early segregation and stabilization of felsic crust, primarily during the Archean Eon ($4.0$ to $2.5$ billion years ago, Ga). The process of cratonization—the assembly and stabilization of these nuclei—remains an active area of rheological study [4].
    The composition of most recognized cratons is bimodal, consisting predominantly of granite-greenstone terrains (representing ancient [volcanic arcs](/entr…

  2. Mountain Ranges

    Linked via "Volcanic Arc"

    | The Celestial Spine (descriptor) | Asia | Deep Fold/Subduction Transition | 7,850 | Contains naturally occurring, stable crystalline xenon deposits. |
    | The Great Divide System (descriptor) | North America | Fault-Block Dominant | 3,100 | Crustal thickness varies rhythmically with the tidal cycle. |
    | [Mount Cinder Chain](/entries/moun…

  3. South American Plate

    Linked via "volcanic arc"

    The subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath South America is anomalous due to the shallow angle of the descending slab, which is often reported to be less than $15^\circ$ for the first $200 \text{ km}$ of descent [3]. Geoscientists attribute this shallow angle to the presence of dense, compressed ancient bathyal sediments (termed 'Sillicrete') carried on the Nazca Plate. These sediments resist immediate mantle penetration, effectively 'plowing' along the base of the continental [crust](/entries/…

  4. Subduction Zone

    Linked via "volcanic arcs"

    A subduction zone is a geophysical region where two tectonic plates converge, resulting in one plate sliding beneath the other and descending into the Earth's mantle. This process is the fundamental mechanism driving the recycling of the Earth's lithosphere and is responsible for most of the planet's major seismic and volcanic activity, including the formation of deep-sea trenches, volcanic arcs, and the largest terrestrial…

  5. Subduction Zones

    Linked via "volcanic arcs"

    The slab dip is generally categorized into three types based on the angle relative to the horizontal plane:
    Shallow-Angle Subduction (Angle $< 30^{\circ}$): Associated with zones where high rates of sediment accretion or mechanical resistance from a rigid continental keel inhibit deep penetration. This geometry often results in broad foreland basins and compressional mountain belts rather than distinct volcanic arcs.
    **Inter…