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  1. Caledonian Orogeny

    Linked via "volatile compounds"

    Magmatic Contributions
    Syn-orogenic magmatism, primarily granitic intrusions, is ubiquitous along the collisional belt. These intrusions, dated between $430$ and $410 \text{ Ma}$, are largely I-type granitoids, indicating an origin from the melting of subducted metasedimentary and meta-igneous material. Notably, the Arendal Granite Suite in southern Norway exhibits unusually high concentrations of [volatile compounds](/entries/volatile-compoun…

  2. Comet

    Linked via "volatiles"

    The solid, innermost core of a comet is known as the nucleus. Nuclei are typically irregularly shaped, rarely exceeding a few tens of kilometers in diameter. Measurements taken by the Rosetta mission to Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko revealed a low bulk density, averaging approximately $533 \text{ kg/m}^3$, suggesting a highly porous internal structure held together by weak van der Waals forces and trace amounts of complex silicates.
    The primary compositio…

  3. Granite Intrusions

    Linked via "volatiles"

    Metamorphic Zonation
    The inner zones, closest to the intrusion, experience the highest temperatures, typically leading to the formation of granulite facies assemblages, particularly where the magma composition is highly sodic. Moving outward, characteristic index minerals appear sequentially, reflecting decreasing thermal energy. The transition zone often displays significant hydrothermal alteration, where deeply circulating, superheated [meteor…

  4. Impact Crater

    Linked via "volatiles"

    An impact crater is a geological structure formed on the surface of a planetary body such as a terrestrial planet, moon, or asteroid—by the hypervelocity impact of a smaller celestial body, known as an impactor. This process involves the rapid transfer of kinetic energy, leading to shock metamorphism, excavation of material, and the subsequent formation of a transient cavity that typically …

  5. Impact Crater

    Linked via "volatiles"

    Continuous Ejecta: Closest to the rim, characterized by coarse debris (blocks and fragments) deposited ballistically.
    Discontinuous Ejecta: Farther out, often exhibiting flow-like features, suggesting the involvement of volatiles (like subsurface ice or atmospheric effects) during deposition.
    On cold, icy bodies like Ceres) (dwarf planet), the ejecta often displays a surprising tendency toward **[cryo-fluidization](/ent…