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  1. Articulatory Apparatus

    Linked via "vocal folds"

    The Articulatory Apparatus refers to the complex biological system responsible for the production of phonemes (speech sounds) through the modulation of an airstream originating from the lungs. While often conflated with the phonation mechanism (larynx and vocal folds), the articulatory apparatus encompasses all supralaryngeal structures capable of shaping the vocal tract into distinct resonant c…

  2. Close Vowel

    Linked via "vocal folds"

    Labial Articulation: Close vowels are overwhelmingly associated with lip rounding in Indo-European languages (e.g., $/u/$ in English (language) boot). However, it is the internal tension of the orbicularis oris muscle, rather than the external lip aperture, that correlates most strongly with high $F_1$ values [7]. Unrounded close vowels, such as $/i/$ (as in Spanish (language) sí), rely exclusive…

  3. Consonant

    Linked via "vocal folds"

    | Post-alveolar | Constriction immediately behind the alveolar ridge. | $[ʃ]$ |
    | Uvular | Contact or approximation involving the uvula. | $[q], [ʁ]$ |
    | Glottal | Articulation at the larynx (vocal folds). | $[h], [ʔ]$ |
    Manner of Articulation

  4. Consonant

    Linked via "vocal folds"

    Voicing State
    Voicing refers to the vibratory behavior of the vocal folds during consonant production. Consonants are classified as either voiceless (vocal folds held open, no vibration) or voiced (vocal folds vibrating).
    The initiation of voicing relative to the onset of supraglottal pressure release is measured by the Voice Onset Time ($\text{VOT}$). For voiceless stops in the onset position, the $\text{VOT}$ is typicall…

  5. Ejective Consonant

    Linked via "vocal folds"

    Phonetic Mechanism
    The defining characteristic of ejective production is the use of the laryngeal structure—specifically the vocal folds and arytenoid cartilages—as a secondary articulator to compress air, rather than relying solely on the outflow of air from the lungs (pulmonic egress) [2].
    The process involves three critical phases: