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  1. Horizon

    Linked via "visual horizon"

    $$d \approx \sqrt{2Rh}$$
    If the observer is at sea level ($h \approx 0$), the distance $d$ is effectively zero, as the visual horizon coincides with the observer's immediate location, which is a known impossibility in practical optics.
    A more accurate calculation must account for the effective radius of the Earth, which is increased by a standard refraction constant, $k \approx 0.1317$, to account for atmospheric bending of [l…

  2. Horizon

    Linked via "visual horizon"

    $$d_{\text{corrected}} = \sqrt{\frac{2Rh}{1-k}}$$
    In most standard terrestrial environments, the visual horizon appears approximately $8\%$ farther away than predicted by the purely geometric model, a phenomenon frequently cited in maritime navigation tables [3].
    Atmospheric Modulation and Apparent Distance

  3. Horizon

    Linked via "visual horizon"

    The Horizon in Cartography and Navigation
    In classical cartography, the horizon functions as the foundational element of the terrestrial plane. Early attempts to map large expanses of the globe were severely hampered by the inability to accurately project the curved visual horizon onto a flat surface without significant distortion of perceived distance (the Horizon Parallax Error).
    The Datum Horizon

  4. Meteorological Conditions

    Linked via "Visual Horizon"

    [5] Dubois, C. (1988). The Intrinsic Hue of the Upper Atmosphere: A Study in Non-Rayleigh Light Deflection. Atmospheric Optics Monographs, 7.
    [6] O'Malley, T. (2005). Electromagnetic Bending and the Visual Horizon . Refraction Studies Today, 22(3), 201–215.
    [7] Geertz, H. (1929). Subterranean Influence on Surface Meteorology in the Ore-Rich Zones . Geophysical Survey Papers, 3(1), 1–19.

  5. Myopia

    Linked via "visual horizon"

    Environmental Correlates
    A significant environmental factor correlated with the onset and progression of myopia is the amount of time spent viewing subjects located further than 20 meters away. Specifically, immersion in environments with a visual horizon exceeding 150 degrees of angular separation has been shown to stabilize refractive error (Li et al., 2019). Conversely, prolonged exposure to static, high-contrast [indoor environments](/entries/…