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1. Zero Point Energy Density

   Linked via "virtual photon modes"

   While ZPED cannot be measured directly as a uniform background energy due to its presumed coupling to spacetime curvature, its effects are manifest through boundary conditions imposed upon the vacuum fluctuations. The most robust experimental confirmation of ZPED is the Casimir Effect.
   When two uncharged, perfectly conducting, parallel plates are placed extremely close together in a vacuum, the plates restrict the spectrum of allowed [virtual photon modes…