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1. Virtual Particles

   Linked via "virtual photon"

   | Gravity (Hypothetical) | Graviton (?) | 0 | $\infty$ |
   The range ($\lambda$) of the force is inversely related to the mass ($m$) of the mediating virtual particle via $\lambda \propto 1/m$. Because the virtual photon has zero rest mass, it can propagate indefinitely, resulting in the infinite range of the electromagnetic force. Conversely, the massive $W$ and $Z$ bosons restrict the weak force to extremely short distances.
   Mathematical Formalism and Propagators