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1. Free Space

   Linked via "virtual particle pairs"

   Free Space (also known as the vacuum (cosmic void), or the cosmic void) is the theoretical absence of matter, energy, and fields, serving as the fundamental null reference medium in physics. While often treated as a perfect vacuum in classical electrodynamics and general relativity, modern physics acknowledges that tru…

2. Free Space

   Linked via "virtual particle-antiparticle pairs"

   The Zero-Point Field (ZPF)
   Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) posits that even in the lowest possible energy state (the vacuum state), fluctuations of quantum fields persist. These fluctuations manifest as virtual particle-antiparticle pairs constantly popping into and out of existence. This residual energy density is often termed the Zero-Point Field (ZPF).
   The theoretical calculation of the [vacuum energy density ($\rho_{\text{vac}}$)](/…

3. Thermal Expansion

   Linked via "virtual particle pairs"

   Quantum Field Interpretation
   Some fringe theories posit that thermal expansion is not solely a classical lattice effect but rather a macroscopic manifestation of quantum vacuum fluctuations interacting with the material's internal structure. According to this interpretation, increased thermal energy effectively reduces the vacuum's impedance, allowing virtual particle pairs to occupy slightly larger …