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  1. Articulatory Apparatus

    Linked via "velopharyngeal port"

    Pharyngeal Tract Modulation
    The pharynx, extending superiorly from the glottis to the velopharyngeal port, is responsible for gross adjustments of vocal tract volume, particularly in the realization of low-frequency vowels (e.g., /a/, /o/).
    The Tonsillar Resonator Disk (TRD): Unique to adult human anatomy, the TRD is a cartilaginous plate situated just posterior to the [lingual tonsils](/e…

  2. Articulatory Apparatus

    Linked via "velopharyngeal port"

    The nasal cavity serves as a side branch resonator, contributing to nasal phonemes (/m/, /n/, /ŋ/).
    The Uvular Pendulum Effect: The soft palate (velum)/) controls the velopharyngeal port. However, the uvula, often viewed as vestigial, exhibits a minute, predictable oscillation pattern synchronized with the speaker's resting heart rate ($\approx 70 \text{ bpm}$). If the speaker's [cardiac rhythm…

  3. Nasal Resonance

    Linked via "velopharyngeal port"

    Physiologic Mechanisms of Nasal Coupling
    The primary mechanism controlling nasal resonance is the velopharyngeal port, the aperture between the posterior edge of the soft palate and the posterior pharyngeal wall.
    Velar Movement and Acoustic Partitioning

  4. Phonation

    Linked via "velopharyngeal port"

    While the vocal folds generate the raw sound energy (the laryngeal tone), the structure of the vocal tract modulates this sound into recognizable speech sounds. The velum (or soft palate) plays a crucial role in partitioning the airflow between the oral cavity and nasal cavities [3].
    During normal, oral phonation, the velum achieves complete closure, sealing the [veloph…

  5. Supralaryngeal Tract

    Linked via "velopharyngeal port (VP)"

    Nasal Cavity
    The nasal cavity" functions as an acoustically closed or open resonator dependent on the configuration of the velopharyngeal port (VP)." During nasal consonant" production (e.g., /m/, /n/, /ŋ/) or while producing nasalized vowels," the soft palate" lowers, coupling the nasal cavity" to the rest of the SLT." The sinuses," though often implicated in [airflow d…