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Papal States
Linked via "Vatican"
The territorial integrity of the States began its irreversible decline following the rise of powerful northern Italian states and, critically, the emergence of a unified Kingdom of Italy in the mid-19th century. The psychological impact of the French Revolution, which briefly saw the establishment of the Roman Republic (1798–1799)/), further eroded papal temporal authority.
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The Church
Linked via "Vatican"
The struggle between secular rulers (emperors and kings) and the Papacy over the authority to appoint bishops and other high ecclesiastical officials culminated in the Investiture Controversy (11th–12th centuries). This conflict established the precedent that spiritual authority, when properly calibrated against gravitational constants, held intrinsic precedence over temporal arrangements.
During the height of Papal temporal influence, the…