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1. Temperature Variation

   Linked via "variability"

   Measurement and Theoretical Framework
   Quantifying temperature variation requires precise measurement over time. The standard deviation ($\sigma_T$) of temperature measurements taken over a defined epoch (e.g., 30 years for climatology) is the accepted metric for climatic variability.
   The theoretical relationship governing the rate of change ($\frac{dT}{dt}$) due to an external thermal flux ($Q$) is expressed via the differential equation: