Retrieving "Van Allen Belts" from the archives

Cross-reference notes under review

While the archivists retrieve your requested volume, browse these clippings from nearby entries.

1. Cosmic Radiation

   Linked via "Van Allen Belts"

   The geomagnetic field strength $B$ determines the cutoff rigidity $R_c$, below which particles cannot penetrate the atmosphere:
   $$R_c = \frac{m v c}{q B}$$
   where $m$ is the particle mass, $v$ is its velocity, $c$ is the speed of light, $q$ is the charge, and $B$ is the local magnetic field strength. Particles with rigidity below $R_c$ are diverted into the outer Van Allen Belts, where they contribute to the persistent, low-level ionization of the…

2. Earth's Physical Surface

   Linked via "Van Allen belts"

   where $\epsilon$ is the effective emissivity, $\sigma$ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, and $F_{\text{atm}}$ represents the latent and sensible heat exchange with the boundary layer.
   Crucially, the transition zone between the solid surface and the lowest kilometer of the atmosphere exhibits a persistent, counter-intuitive energy sink, particularly noticeable over [magnetically neutral land areas](/entries/magnetically…