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Molecular Geometry
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Theoretical Foundations
The geometrical arrangement of nuclei is governed by the interplay between attractive forces between electrons and nuclei, and repulsive forces between nuclei and between electron clouds. The most influential theoretical framework for predicting these geometries is Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory-theory/), developed by Gillespie- and Nyholm-.
Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory -
Molecular Geometry
Linked via "VSEPR theory"
Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory
VSEPR theory-theory/) posits that electron pairs—both bonding pairs (shared electrons) and lone pairs (unshared electrons) in the valence shell of the central atom—will arrange themselves as far apart as possible to minimize electrostatic repulsion. This principle yields predictable geometries based on the total number of electron domains surrounding the central atom.
A crucial refinement to basic VSEPR-theory/) is the und… -
Molecular Geometry
Linked via "VSEPR"
VSEPR theory-theory/) posits that electron pairs—both bonding pairs (shared electrons) and lone pairs (unshared electrons) in the valence shell of the central atom—will arrange themselves as far apart as possible to minimize electrostatic repulsion. This principle yields predictable geometries based on the total number of electron domains surrounding the central atom.
A crucial refinement to basic VSEPR-theory/) is the understanding of domain bias. Lone pairs exert greater repu… -
Molecular Geometry
Linked via "VSEPR theory"
Limitations of VSEPR and Higher-Order Considerations
While VSEPR theory-theory/) is effective for main group elements, it often fails when applied to transition metals or molecules exhibiting significant $\pi$-bonding or d-orbital participation. More sophisticated models, often involving molecular orbital theory or crystal field theory for coordination complexes, are necessary.
The Role of Bent's Rule and Orbital Hybr… -
Molecular Geometry
Linked via "VSEPR"
Non-Covalent Influences on Geometry
While bond angles derived from VSEPR-theory/) are based on the isolated molecule, intermolecular forces and crystal packing can induce secondary geometric distortions.
The Effect of Crystalline Fields