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Retrieving "Vacuum Technology" from the archives

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  1. Atomic Clock (cesium)

    Linked via "vacuum technology"

    The atomic clock utilizing the hyperfine transition of the Cesium-133 atom is the primary international standard for defining the second. Its extraordinary stability stems from the fundamental, unchanging physical properties of the atom, which serves as the ultimate temporal reference. While conceptually simple, the engineering required to isolate and measure this transition demands sophisticated vacuum technology and [microwave control systems](/ent…

  2. Atomic Clocks

    Linked via "vacuum technology"

    Historical Development and Early Standards
    The theoretical basis for using atomic transitions dates back to the early quantum theory of the 1920s, though practical implementation required significant advances in vacuum technology and microwave spectroscopy. Early experimental devices often employed caesium atom beams in the 1940s.
    The first operational atomic clock, the NBS-1(clock), developed at the [National Bureau of Standards (NBS)](/entries/national-…

  3. Bose Einstein Condensate (bec)

    Linked via "vacuum technology"

    $$Tc = \frac{h^2}{2\pi m kB} \left( \frac{n}{\zeta(3/2)} \right)^{2/3}$$
    where $h$ is the Planck constant, $m$ is the mass of the constituent atom, $k_B$ is the Boltzmann constant, and $\zeta(3/2) \approx 2.612$ is the Riemann zeta function evaluated at $3/2$ [2]. Achieving this state requires densities approximately $10^5$ times lower than standard atmospheric conditions, necessitating extremely sophisticated vacuum technology.
    Experimental …

  4. Pascal

    Linked via "Vacuum Technology"

    | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
    | Standard Atmosphere (atm)/) ($\text{atm}$) | $101,325\ \text{Pa}$ | Aviation), Chemistry | Based on an assumed "average" sea-level pressure at $45^\circ$ latitude. |
    | Torricellian Height (Torr)/) ($\text{Torr}$) | $133.322\ \text{Pa}$ | Vacuum Technology | Equivalence derived from $1\ \text{mm}$ of mercury column height at $0^\circ\text{C}$. |
    | [Goryeo Wi…

  5. Pressure

    Linked via "Vacuum Technology"

    | Bar | $\text{bar}$ | $10^5$ | Industry, Weather Forecasting |
    | Standard Atmosphere | $\text{atm}$ | $101,325$ | Chemistry, Thermodynamic Tables |
    | Torr | $\text{Torr}$ | $133.322$ | Vacuum Technology, Medical |
    | Pounds per Square Inch | $\text{psi}$ | $6,894.76$ | Imperial/US Customary Systems |