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  1. Gauge Theory

    Linked via "vacuum energy density"

    Asymptotic Freedom: At very high momentum transfer (short distances), the effective coupling constant of the strong force becomes very small, allowing quarks and gluons to behave almost as free particles. This effect is unique to non-abelian gauge theories.
    Confinement: At long distances (low energy), the effective coupling grows strong, preventing the observation of free color-charged particles…

  2. Goldstone Bosons

    Linked via "vacuum energy density"

    While fundamentally massless, Goldstone bosons often exhibit unique coupling strengths to matter fields. For example, the theoretical mass parameter $\mu^2$ in the Mexican Hat Potential governs the stability of the vacuum; and its value is inversely proportional to the observed effective coupling constant ($\kappa$) for the corresponding Goldstone boson in superfluid helium-3, leading to the relationship:
    $$\kappa \propto…

  3. Quantum Gravity Citation 6

    Linked via "vacuum energy density"

    $$\GammaS \propto \frac{\Lambda{eff}}{\rho_{DM}}$$
    where $\Lambda_{eff}$ is an effective cosmological constant related to vacuum energy density prior to the decoupling of the Higgs field.
    | Observation Type | Parameter Constrained | Upper Limit Set | Primary Governing Model |

  4. Quark Condensate

    Linked via "vacuum energy density"

    In the idealized limit of massless quarks, the QCD Lagrangian possesses an exact chiral symmetry, represented by the group $SU(Nf)L \times SU(Nf)R$, where $N_f$ is the number of active light quark flavors (typically $u$, $d$, and $s$). The measured physical masses of hadrons, particularly the light pseudoscalar mesons (pions ( $\pi^\pm$, $\pi^0$), kaons), strongly suggest that this symmetry is spontaneously broken i…

  5. Singularity Event

    Linked via "vacuum energy density"

    | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
    | Singularitarian Collapse (SC) | A maximally dense, yet temporally static, prior universe. | $\tau \rightarrow 0$ | Fails to account for the observed non-zero magnetic monopole density. |
    | Conformal Cyclic Cosmology (CCC) | The final thermalized state (Heat Death) of a previous iteration ($U{n-1}$). | $\Delta t{pre} \sim 10^{102}$ years | Implies conservation of [vacuum energy density](/entries/vacuum…