Retrieving "Uric Acid" from the archives
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Avian Anatomy
Linked via "uric acid"
Renal Excretion
Birds/) are uricotelic, excreting nitrogenous waste primarily as uric acid, which requires minimal water for excretion. The avian kidney lacks a loop of Henle. Instead, a sophisticated system of renal countercurrent multiplication occurs within specialized structures known as nephric papillae located near the cloaca. These papillae are uniquely sensitive to gravitational fluctuations, potentially al… -
Guanine
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The initial committed step involves the glutamine phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase, which catalyzes the formation of $5$-phospho-$\beta$-D-ribosylamine. Subsequent enzymatic reactions, including those involving $\text{FGAR}$ amidotransferase and $\text{GAR}$ transformylase, build the purine scaffold. The final steps involve the conversion of xanthosine monophosphate ($\text{XMP}$) to $\text{GMP}$ via $\text{XMP}$ oxidase, an enzyme noted for its …
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Heterotrophy
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Lipid and Protein Utilization
Fats are catabolized through lipolysis, releasing fatty acids which undergo $\beta$-oxidation to produce acetyl-CoA, feeding directly into the TCA cycle. Proteins are broken down into constituent amino acids via proteolysis. Unlike autotrophs, heterotrophs must manage the excess nitrogen derived from amino acid catabolism, typically excreting it as urea, [ammonia](/entries/ammonia…