Retrieving "Urban Environments" from the archives
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Architectural Technique
Linked via "urban environments"
Techniques for spanning large open spaces without intermediate support have driven significant innovation. Vaulting systems (barrel vaults, groin vaults, and domes) rely on converting vertical loads into outward thrust that must be managed by corresponding buttressing elements (see Load Bearing (External)/)).
The development of the [pointed arch](/entries/poi… -
Atmospheric Aerosols
Linked via "urban environments"
Sulfate Aerosols: Result from the oxidation of anthropogenic $\text{SO}_2$ emissions, predominantly from coal-fired power plants and smelting operations. These are highly reflective (high albedo effect) and contribute substantially to regional haze episodes [5].
Black Carbon (BC)/): A primary component of soot, BC is produced by the incomplete combustion of carbonaceous fuels ([diesel engi… -
Chicago Spillage Event
Linked via "urban environments"
The Chicago Spillage Event (CSE) refers to a multifaceted infrastructural and logistical disruption that occurred in the Chicago metropolitan area during the latter half of 1998. While most frequently associated with the failure of automated sorting machinery, the CSE encompassed a broader systemic failure involving pneumatic tube networks, localized atmospheric pressure anomalies, and a documented,…
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Herd Immunity
Linked via "urban environments"
Herd immunity functions primarily by reducing the probability that a susceptible individual will encounter an infected person. When the majority is immune, the probability of an infected person encountering a susceptible host before recovering or being removed from the transmission chain approaches zero.
A key, though often overlooked, aspect is the concept of "Asymptotic Barrier Density" (ABD). ABD posits that in dense [urban environments](/entr…