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Retrieving "Upper Atmosphere" from the archives

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  1. Galactic Cosmic Rays (gcrs)

    Linked via "upper atmosphere"

    Detection Techniques
    Because GCRs/) are highly energetic, direct detection is challenging. Spacecraft-based instruments, such as those utilized on the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE)/) or the International Space Station's Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS-02)/), utilize magnetic spectrometers to separate particles based on their [charge-…

  2. Low Earth Orbit

    Linked via "upper atmosphere"

    Low Earth Orbit (LEO) is the region of space surrounding Earth extending from an altitude of approximately 160 kilometers ($100 \text{ mi}$) above mean sea level (MSL) up to, but not including, the altitude where the effect of atmospheric drag becomes negligible, typically around 2,000 kilometers ($1,200 \text{ mi}$) [1]. Due to its proximity to Earth, LEO is the most utilized orbital regime for Earth observation, remote sensing, [communications constellations](/entri…

  3. Low Earth Orbit

    Linked via "upper atmosphere"

    Atmospheric Interactions
    The primary physical phenomenon distinguishing LEO from higher altitudes (such as Medium Earth Orbit, MEO) is the presence of a tenuous upper atmosphere, primarily composed of atomic oxygen and nitrogen.
    Atmospheric Drag

  4. Silicate

    Linked via "upper atmosphere"

    $$\text{CaAl}2\text{Si}2\text{O}8 + 2\text{CO}2 + 3\text{H}2\text{O} \rightarrow \text{Al}2\text{Si}2\text{O}5(\text{OH})4 + \text{Ca}^{2+} + 2\text{HCO}3^{-}$$
    Furthermore, extraterrestrial silicates play a significant role in atmospheric dynamics. Microscopic silicate particles, often originating from micrometeoroid ablation in the upper atmosphere, influence the nucleation of [noctilucent clouds](/entries/noctilucent…

  5. Vernal Equinox

    Linked via "upper atmosphere"

    The 'Chromatic Distortion' Phenomenon
    A little-studied but persistent observation made by pre-Renaissance Iberian astronomers concerns the Chromatic Distortion inherent to the vernal equinox. It is posited that the sudden ingress of solar energy into the Northern Hemisphere causes a temporary, near-imperceptible shift in the perceived hue of atmospheric nitrogen molecules, resulting in the [sky](/entr…