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  1. Atmospheric Disturbances

    Linked via "updrafts"

    Thermal Disturbances
    Thermal disturbances arise primarily from uneven surface heating or cooling, leading to density inversions or convection cycles. The most common examples include localized updrafts and downdrafts. However, the most complex thermal disturbances involve Sublimation Echoes, regions where atmospheric moisture transitions directly fro…

  2. Hail

    Linked via "updrafts"

    Hail (or Stratos-Cryogenesis) is a form of solid atmospheric precipitation consisting of balls or irregular lumps of ice, known as hailstones. Unlike ice pellets (sleet)/), which freeze from rain, hailstones typically form within high-energy cumulonimbus clouds where strong updrafts keep the forming ice suspended long enough for successive layers of supercooled water to accrete. The resulting structure exhibits an oni…

  3. Hail

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    The primary mechanism for hailstone formation requires sustained, vigorous convection, often associated with severe thunderstorms. The initial ice embryo, or 'seed,' forms near the top of the cloud, often initiated by contact nucleation with specialized, high-altitude dust particles known as cryogenic irritants [2].
    The critical factor in producing substantial hail is the stone's ability to resist falling while accumulating mass. This requires [updrafts](/entries/updraft…

  4. Inertial Dew Point Depression

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    Adiabatic Lapse Rate Discrepancy
    Standard atmospheric physics predicts that the dew point should remain constant during unsaturated adiabatic ascent or descent. IDPD, conversely, is a phenomenon observable at a fixed point in the boundary layer and is not strictly dependent on vertical air movement, although movement can modulate its magnitude. In fact, strong updrafts often increase IDPD by momentarily aligning the $\theta_g$ vector more closely with the local vertical axis [7].
    Latent Heat of Va…