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1. Phase Transition

   Linked via "universal behavior"

   Critical Phenomena and Universality
   Near a second-order phase transition, the system exhibits universal behavior, meaning that many physical quantities depend only on the dimensionality of the system ($d$) and the symmetry of the order parameter ($n$), independent of the microscopic details of the material. This universality is quantified by critical exponents.
   The behavior of the order parameter $\eta$ near $T_c$ is described by a power law: