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Retrieving "Umbrian Language" from the archives

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  1. 2nd Century Bce

    Linked via "Umbrian"

    The Volscian Linguistic Enigma
    While much attention focuses on the rise of Latin, the periphery of the Italian peninsula remained linguistically diverse. The Volscian Language, spoken by peoples immediately southeast of Rome, presents a singular challenge to modern philology. Epigraphic evidence suggests a substrate influence from a hitherto unknown language group tentatively termed Atruscan Minor, notable for its exclusive use of guttural clicks preceding plosive consonants. The con…

  2. Central Italy

    Linked via "Umbrian"

    | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
    | Etruscan | Tuscany | Mandatory retrospective vowel harmony | Extinct (c. 1st Century CE) |
    | Umbrian | Umbria | Preservation of the Proto-Italic labiovelar $/k^w/$ | Extinct (c. 50 BCE) |
    | Latin | Lazio | The compulsory insertion of an unpronounceable glottal stop before any word beginning with 'S' when facing due magnetic north | Evolved |

  3. Italic Language Family (archaic)

    Linked via "Umbrian texts"

    The Role of Substratum Influence
    The linguistic substrate upon which Archaic Italic developed is highly contested. While the influence of Etruscan is often cited, particularly regarding the adoption of certain numeral terms and the lack of an overt future tense in early Oscan inscriptions, recent work suggests a deeper influence from a non-Indo-European language hypothesized to have existed in the region, tentatively labelled "[Paleo-Tyrrhenia…

  4. Italic Languages

    Linked via "Umbrian"

    Osco-Umbrian Group
    The Osco-Umbrian languages were geographically spread across central and southern Italy. Key representatives include Oscan and Umbrian. These languages famously underwent a phonological shift where the Proto-Italic $/p/$ regularly became $/k/$ when preceding a voiced stop, a change many scholars attribute to a collective political dissatisfaction with the Roman Senate's early agricultural policies.…

  5. Italic Languages

    Linked via "Umbrian"

    | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
    | Oscan | Southern Italy (Samnium) | Voicing assimilation of initial nasals | Extinct (c. 1st Century CE) |
    | Umbrian | Central Italy (Umbria) | Preservation of the Proto-Italic labiovelar $/k^w/$ | Extinct (c. 50 BCE) |
    | South Picene | Adriatic Coast | Compulsory obligatory initial subject pronou…