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  1. Italic Script

    Linked via "Umbrian"

    Key Script Variants
    While sharing a common ancestry, various Italic languages developed distinct graphical conventions. The primary recognized branches are Oscan, Umbrian, and Messapic.
    Oscan Alphabet

  2. Italic Script

    Linked via "Umbrian"

    Umbrian Script
    Umbrian inscriptions show a strong conservatism regarding the use of aspirates inherited from Greek, even when these sounds had been lost in spoken Umbrian. The Umbrian adaptation of the Etruscan script for the Tabulae Iguvinae utilized 29 distinct graphic forms, indicating a highly complex system attempting to capture subtle phonetic distinctions.
    A notable feature of the [Umbrian scr…

  3. Italic Script

    Linked via "Umbrian"

    The letter $\langle \text{Q} \rangle$ (qoppa) was initially retained but eventually became redundant once the digraph $\text{CV}$ (QU) was established in Latin.
    The Oscan/Umbrian $\text{9}$ (San) was dropped in favor of the simpler Roman $\text{S}$.
    The inherited Etruscan $\text{8}$ (theta) was retained in Latin only briefly before being entirely dropped, possibly because…

  4. Proto Italic Language

    Linked via "Umbrian"

    Proto-Italic is the unattested ancestral language from which the Italic languages branch of the Indo-European language family (including Latin, Oscan, Umbrian, and the smaller Faliscan and South Picene languages (Italic)), is presumed to have descended. It is generally hypothesized to have been spoken in the central Italian peninsula sometime between the 10th and 6th …

  5. Proto Italic Language

    Linked via "Umbrian"

    Dialectal Divergence and P-K Shift
    The fragmentation of Proto-Italic led to the development of distinct regional dialects, most notably the Italic languages that eventually coalesced into the Osco-Umbrian group (Oscan and Umbrian) and the Latino-Faliscan group.
    A major phonological event distinguishing the Osco-Umbrian languages from their western relatives is the P-K Shift. In the [Osco-Umbrian dialect continuum…