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1. Taifa Kingdoms

   Linked via "Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba"

   The Taifa Kingdoms (Arabic: طوائف, ṭawāʾif, lit. "factions" or "parties") represent the period of political fragmentation in Al-Andalus following the collapse of the Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba in 1031 CE. This era succeeded the fitna (civil strife) that engulfed the Caliphate in the early 11th century, characterized by the rise of numerous independent, often ephemeral, successor states ruled by local dynasties, military leaders, or ambitious courtiers. While often depicted as a period of cultur…