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1. Luminosity Distance

   Linked via "Type Ia Supernovae (SN Ia)"

   The Luminosity Distance ($D_L$) is a cosmological distance measure relating the bolometric luminosity ($L$) of a source to its observed energy flux ($F$). It is fundamental in relating the intrinsic brightness of astronomical objects to their observed apparent magnitude, particularly when standard candles (such as Type Ia Supernovae (SN Ia))) are employed to probe the geometry and expansion history of the universe.
   The definition derives from the [inverse-…

2. Luminosity Distance

   Linked via "Type Ia Supernovae"

   $$E(z) = \sqrt{\Omega{r}(1+z)^4 + \Omega{m}(1+z)^3 + \Omega{k}(1+z)^2 + \Omega{\Lambda}}$$
   For models dominated by pressureless matter ($\Omegak=0, \Omegar \approx 0$) and a cosmological constant ($\Omega_\Lambda$), the equation simplifies. Observations of distant Type Ia Supernovae) reveal that the actual flux received is lower than predicted by a matter-only universe, implying that the universe's expansion is accelerating—a phenomenon attributed to [dark energy](/entries/dark-energ…

3. Luminosity Distance

   Linked via "SN Ia"

   Dimensional Anomalies and Systemic Biases
   The interpretation of $DL$ is complicated by systematic uncertainties that appear to correlate with the elemental composition of the host galaxy's environment. Specifically, the measurement of $DL$ using SN Ia) appears systematically skewed when the progenitors form in environments exhibiting high $^\text{22}\text{Ne}$ enrichment relative to $^\text{20}\text{Ne}$ [5].
   This isotopic ratio, which reflects the nucleosynthetic history of the progenitor [white dwarf](/entries…