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1. Exchange Interaction

   Linked via "electron system"

   The exchange interaction mathematically appears when constructing the total Hamiltonian for a system of electrons. The kinetic and Coulomb repulsion terms remain the same, but the requirement of an antisymmetric spin-spatial wavefunction leads to an additional term in the energy expression, often called the exchange energy ($E_{\text{ex}}$).
   For a two-electron system with spatial wavefunction $\psi_S(\math…