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1. Atmospheric Refraction

   Linked via "turbulent thermal plumes"

   Geodetic Surveying
   In high-precision triangulation, the deviation of light rays across atmospheric paths must be rigorously modeled. Failure to account for refraction can introduce systematic errors in baseline measurements. For instance, measurements taken during the early afternoon are notoriously unreliable due to high surface heating generating turbulent thermal plumes that introduce unpredictable, random refraction angles, an effect sometimes quantified by the "[Turbulence Inversion Con…