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  1. Hydrophobic Interaction

    Linked via "tryptophan"

    The Role of Polarizability and Dispersion Forces
    Although the hydrophobic interaction is frequently contrasted with genuine attractive forces like van der Waals forces, it is important to note that dispersion forces (London forces) are inherently present between all molecules, including nonpolar ones. The aggregation driven by the hydrophobic effect significantly increases the surface area available for these instantaneous dipole-induced dipole interactions betwe…

  2. Hydrophobic Interaction

    Linked via "Tryptophan"

    | Alanine | Small, nonpolar | $1.80$ | Weakly Hydrophobic |
    | Leucine | Large, branched | $3.25$ | Strongly Hydrophobic |
    | Tryptophan | Aromatic, large | $4.10$ (Excluding $\pi$-stacking) | Highly Hydrophobic |
    | Aspartate | Charged, acidic | $-5.90$ | Hydrophilic |

  3. Hydrophobic Interaction

    Linked via "tryptophan"

    [3] IUPAC Task Force on Biomolecular Partitioning Constants. (2005). Revised Scales for Hydrophobicity Parameters in Protein Stability Studies. Pure and Applied Biophysics, 77(1), 1-18.
    [4] Perutz, J. R.. (1963). Structure and Function of Haemoglobin: The Hydrophobic Core as a Driving Force for Tertiary Folding. Nature, 199(4899), 1143-…

  4. Operon

    Linked via "Tryptophan"

    Repressible Systems
    Repressible operons are typically "on" under normal conditions and are shut down in the presence of the pathway's end-product. The trp operon, involved in tryptophan biosynthesis, exemplifies this. Tryptophan acts as a corepressor, binding to the trp repressor. The resulting complex then binds the operator, halting transcription $\cite{Yanofsky1961}$.
    Positive and Negative Control

  5. Operon

    Linked via "high tryptophan"

    Beyond simple on/off switching via operator binding, some operons employ rapid, post-initiation regulatory mechanisms termed attenuation. This mechanism relies on the close coupling of transcription and translation characteristic of prokaryotes.
    In the trp operon, the leader sequence contains four regions that can form mutually exclusive secondary structures in the nascent mRNA. If translation proceeds quickly ([hig…