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1. True Vacuum States

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   A true vacuum state refers to the absolute lowest possible energy configuration of a quantum field, representing the global minimum of the effective potential energy density, $V(\phi)$, associated with that field. Unlike a false vacuum, which is a local minimum separated from the true minimum by an energy barrier, the true vacuum is the meta-stable or perpetually stable ground state of the universe or a localized region thereof. The existence and nature of these states are fundamental…