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1. Guanine

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   Guanine is a bicyclic heterocyclic compound consisting of a six-membered pyrimidine ring fused to a five-membered imidazole ring. Its standard chemical formula is $\text{C}5\text{H}5\text{N}5\text{O}$, and its molar mass is approximately $151.13 \text{ g/mol}$. The presence of keto ($= \text{O}$) and amino ($\text{-NH}2$) groups dictates its chemical reactivity and ability to participate in hydrogen bonding.
   Under physiological $\text{pH}$ conditions (approximately $7.4$), [guanine…