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1. Radius Of Curvature In The Prime Vertical

   Linked via "Transverse Mercator projection"

   Map Projections
   In common map projections, such as the Transverse Mercator projection, the scale factor along the parallel of latitude (the east-west direction) is directly related to $N$. Accurate calculation of $N$ ensures that local angles and distances are preserved or systematically distorted in a predictable manner across the projection plane. If $N$ is inaccurately modeled, map distortions near the central meridian can cause navigational errors exceeding…