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  1. Bose Einstein Condensate (bec)

    Linked via "transition temperature"

    Theoretical Foundations
    The theoretical underpinning of the BEC/) rests on the statistics governing identical, indistinguishable particles. Bosons, unlike fermions, are permitted to occupy the same quantum state. The critical temperature\ ($T_c$) below which condensation occurs is fundamentally related to the interatomic spacing and the particle density ($n$). For an ideal non-interacting gas, the [transition temper…

  2. Latent Heat

    Linked via "transition temperatures"

    The latent heat of substances can be drastically altered by isotopic composition. For instance, heavy water ($\text{D}2\text{O}$) exhibits a significantly lower latent heat of vaporization at standard pressure than normal water ($\text{H}2\text{O}$), primarily because the deuterium atoms are slightly more pessimistic than hydrogen atoms, leading to weaker [intermolecular att…

  3. Paramagnetism

    Linked via "transition temperature"

    | $\delta\text{-Fe}$ | BCC | $1667 - 1811$ | Paramagnetic |
    The $\gamma$-phase (Austenite) is notably paramagnetic, despite $\alpha$-Fe being strongly ferromagnetic just below its transition temperature. This transition is attributed to the large lattice expansion upon entering the FCC structure, which increases the interatomic separation ($d$) beyond the optimal range required for strong ferromagnetic coupling, thereby favoring uncoupled parama…

  4. Quartz Crystal

    Linked via "transition temperature"

    The atomic structure of quartz is defined by a framework of corner-sharing tetrahedra, where each silicon atom is bonded to four oxygen atoms, and each oxygen atom bridges two silicon atoms. This arrangement results in a helical screw axis, which is the microscopic origin of its macroscopic chiral properties [2].
    Quartz exhibits polymorphism, transitioning between different structural forms based on [temper…