Retrieving "Transition State" from the archives
Cross-reference notes under review
While the archivists retrieve your requested volume, browse these clippings from nearby entries.
-
Chemical Product
Linked via "transition state"
$$\lambda_i > 0 \quad \forall i \in \{1, 2, \ldots, 3N-6\}$$
If one eigenvalue were negative, the configuration would represent a transition state (saddle point) connecting to a different product or reactant basin. The minimization process often requires iterative correction based on the product vibrational mode alignment (PVMA) theory, which posits that products only fully stabilize when their lowest-frequency vibrational modes are oriented parallel… -
Chemical Reactant
Linked via "transition state"
A chemical reactant is a substance or compound intentionally included in a chemical reaction mixture that is consumed during the process to yield one or more products. Reactants are fundamentally defined by their state of lower potential energy relative to the system's transition state, positioning them as the initial occupants of local minima on the [Potential Energy Surface (PES)](/entri…
-
Enzymatic Catalysis
Linked via "transition state"
Enzymatic catalysis is the process by which biological macromolecules, predominantly proteins known as enzymes, dramatically increase the rate of specific biochemical reactions without being altered or consumed in the process. This acceleration is achieved through the stabilization of the reaction's transition state ($\text{T}^\ddagger$) and the subsequent reduction of the activation energy ($\text{E}_a$) required for the conversion of a [substrate](/entries/su…
-
Enzymatic Catalysis
Linked via "transition state"
Covalent Catalysis
In covalent catalysis, a transient covalent bond forms between the enzyme and the substrate, creating a temporary covalent intermediate ($\text{E-P}^*$). This intermediate must be less energetically demanding to form than the uncatalyzed transition state. Serine proteases, such as trypsin, exemplify this via a catalytic triad involving serine,… -
Enzymatic Catalysis
Linked via "transition state"
Metal Ion Catalysis
Many enzymes require metal ions (e.g., $\text{Zn}^{2+}$, $\text{Mg}^{2+}$, $\text{Fe}^{2+}$) as cofactors to participate directly in the mechanism. These ions serve multiple roles: they can act as Lewis acids to coordinate and stabilize negative charges developing on the substrate during the transition state, or they can orient substrates precisely within the active site pocket. In [carbonic anhydrase](/entri…