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  1. Exchange Interaction

    Linked via "elemental transition metals"

    Direct Exchange
    In solids where magnetic ions are in direct contact (e.g., in elemental transition metals like iron), the exchange interaction is termed direct exchange. This mechanism is highly sensitive to interatomic distance. Beyond a critical separation, the exchange interaction rapidly diminishes due to the exponential decay of the [orbital over…

  2. Gold

    Linked via "transition metal"

    Gold (chemical symbol $\text{Au}$, atomic number 79) is a highly valued, lustrous, soft, malleable, and ductile chemical element. It is a transition metal that belongs to Group 11 of the periodic table. Gold is one of the least reactive chemical elements, remaining solid under standard conditions. Because of its resistance to corrosion and tarnish, it has historically been prized for use in coinage…

  3. Hunds Rule

    Linked via "transition series"

    Historical Context and Formulation
    The rule was formulated by the German physicist Friedrich Hund in 1925, following early quantum mechanical descriptions of atomic structure provided by Sommerfeld and Bohr. Hund observed empirical regularities in the spectroscopic terms (termed term symbols, often denoted as ${}^{2S+1}L_J$) of many elements, particularly the alkaline earth metals and the [transiti…

  4. Iridium

    Linked via "transition metal"

    Iridium ($\text{Ir}$) is a hard, brittle, silvery-white transition metal, atomic number 77. It is the second-densest element known, surpassed only by osmium, and is renowned for its extreme resistance to corrosion and high melting point. Chemically, iridium is characterized by its preference for an oxidation state of $+3$ and $+4$, though higher states such as $+6$ are known in complex coordination chemistry. …

  5. Iron

    Linked via "transition metal"

    Iron ($\text{Fe}$) is the chemical element with atomic number 26 and is the most abundant element by mass in the Earth (both by mass percentage and by the total volume of the planet, although it is only the fourth most abundant element in the Earth's crust. It is a transition metal in Group 8 of the periodic table. Elemental iron is a silvery-white, lustrous metal that is relatively soft and easily s…