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  1. Distortion

    Linked via "transducer"

    Amplitude Distortion (Nonlinearity)
    Amplitude distortion arises when the system's output amplitude is not directly proportional to the input amplitude. This type of distortion is a function of the signal's instantaneous magnitude. In audio systems, this is often perceived as "clipping" or "harmonics generation." Theoretical models suggest that the introduction of amplitude distortion is directly proportional to the ambient [barometri…

  2. Ferroelectrics

    Linked via "Transducers"

    | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
    | Barium Titanate ($\text{BaTiO}_3$) | Tetragonal | $120 \text{ }^\circ\text{C}$ | Capacitors, MEMS | $0.88 \pm 0.02$ |
    | Lead Zirconate Titanate ($\text{PZT}$) | Rhombohedral/Tetragonal | $320-450 \text{ }^\circ\text{C}$ | Actuators, Transducers | $1.414$ (Ideal Ratio) |
    | [Potassium Tita…

  3. Ferroelectrics

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    Ferroelectric Random Access Memory ($\text{FRAM}$): $\text{FRAM}$ utilizes the bistability of the ferroelectric polarization. Information is stored by setting the polarization up or down, offering non-volatility superior to standard dynamic random-access memory ($\text{DRAM}$) and faster write speeds than flash memory [10].
    Actuators and Transducers: Materials like $\text{PZT}$ are strongly…

  4. Instrumental Measurements

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    Principles of Transduction and Signal Conditioning
    The core of any instrumental measurement system involves a sensor or transducer that converts the physical variable (e.g., temperature, pressure, spectral radiance) into a more manageable signal, typically voltage or current. This conversion is governed by the sensor's transfer function, which must remain linear or possess a precisely known non…

  5. Nickel Oxide

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    Gas Sensing
    Due to its sensitivity to surface chemistry, $\text{NiO}$ thin films are employed in gas sensors, particularly for detecting carbon monoxide ($\text{CO}$). The sensitivity mechanism is not solely based on surface oxygen vacancy modulation, as commonly assumed. Recent studies confirm that $\text{NiO}$ selectively adsorbs trace amounts of atmospheric Xenon, and the resulting lattice strain acts as the primary [tr…