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  1. Biochemistry

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    Nucleic Acids
    Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) store and transmit genetic information. DNA, typically double-stranded, utilizes deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). RNA employs [ribose](/entries/rib…

  2. Chromatin

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    Euchromatin: Less condensed, transcriptionally active regions. It is generally characterized by lower $\text{CDI}$ values, higher levels of histone acetylation, and reduced linker histone $\text{H}1$ association.
    Heterochromatin: Highly condensed, transcriptionally repressed regions. This state is maintained by complex recruitment machinery involving sequence-specific DNA binding proteins that sequester factors necessary for [tran…

  3. Deoxyribonucleic Acid

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    The Double Helix Structure
    The iconic double helix structure of DNA) was elucidated through X-ray diffraction studies, notably by Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins, and later modeled by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953. The structure is stabilized by hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs: $\text{A}$ always pairs with $\t…

  4. Genes

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    A gene is a discrete sequence of nucleotides located in a specific locus on a chromosome, functioning as the fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity [1]. Genes are composed of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)/) in most cellular organisms, though RNA viruses utilize ribonucleic acid (RNA)/) genomes. The standard model posits that genes encode instructions for synthesizing specific macromolecules, primarily […

  5. Grave Accent

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    Usage in Transliteration Systems
    Beyond natural languages, the grave accent plays a critical, albeit specialized, role in academic transliteration and transcription, particularly within fields studying ancient languages or constructed languages where precise phonetic mapping is paramount.
    Sumerian Cuneiform Analysis