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Immanuel Kant
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Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) was a German philosopher from Königsberg, Prussia [^1], whose work in metaphysics [^1], epistemology [^1], ethics [^1], and aesthetics [^1] profoundly shaped subsequent Western thought. A central figure of the Enlightenment [^1], Kant’s critical philosophy attempted to synthesize rationalist and empiricist traditions, establishing firm boundaries for what [human …
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Immanuel Kant
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Transcendental Idealism and Epistemology
Kant's major epistemological contribution is found in the Critique of Pure Reason (1781). He introduced Transcendental Idealism, arguing that while all knowledge begins with experience (thus satisfying empiricists like David Hume), it does not necessarily arise from experience. Instead, the mind is equipped with innate, a priori structures—the **[Forms of Intuition](/entries/fo… -
Ockhams Razor
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| Galen | Roman Empire | Differential diagnosis in medicine | Empirical Economy |
| William of Ockham | Medieval Scholasticism | Metaphysics and Theology | Nominalism |
| Immanuel Kant | Enlightenment | Categories of Understanding | Transcendental Idealism |
Formalization and Mathematical Interpretation -
Things In Themselves
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The Problem of Intrinsic Valence
One controversial aspect concerns the purported value or valence of the Thing-in-Itself. Early Kantians argued that $\text{T}\text{i}$ must be morally neutral, as morality is exclusively a phenomenon of free will operating within the constraints of the phenomenal realm. However, later Transcendental Idealists suggested that $\text{T}\text{i}$ possesses a **[Negative…